convert



NAME

     convert - converts an input file using one image  format  to
     an output file with a differing image format.


SYNOPSIS

     convert [ options ... ] input_file output_file


DESCRIPTION

     convert converts an input file using one image format to  an
     output file with a differing image format.

     convert recognizes the following image formats:


     Tag   Description

     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

     AVS   AVS X image file.

     BMP   Microsoft Windows bitmap image file.

     CMYK  Raw cyan, magenta, yellow, and black bytes.

     EPS   Adobe Encapsulated PostScript file.

     EPSF  Adobe Encapsulated PostScript file.

     EPSI  Adobe Encapsulated PostScript Interchange format.

     FAX   Group 3.

     FITS  Flexible Image Transport System.

     GIF   Compuserve Graphics image file.

     GIF87 Compuserve Graphics image file (version 87a).

     GRAY  Raw gray bytes.

     HDF   Hierarchical Data Format.

     HISTOGRAM

     JPEG  Joint Photographic Experts Group file interchange for-
           mat.

     MAP   Red, green, and blue colormap bytes  followed  by  the
           image colormap indexes.

     MATTE Raw matte bytes.

     MIFF  Magick image file format.

     MTV

     NULL  NULL image.

     PCD   Photo CD.

     PCX   ZSoft IBM PC Paintbrush file.

     PDF   Portable Document Format.

     PICT  Apple Macintosh QuickDraw/PICT file.

     PNG   Portable Network Graphics.

     PNM   Portable bitmap.

     PS    Adobe PostScript file.

     PS2   Adobe Level II PostScript file.

     RAD   Radiance image format.

     RGB   Raw red, green, and blue bytes.

     RGBA  Raw red, green, blue and matte bytes.

     RLE   Utah Run length encoded image file; read only.

     SGI   Irix RGB image file.

     SUN   SUN Rasterfile.

     TEXT  raw text file; read only.

     TGA   Truevision Targa image file.

     TIFF  Tagged Image File Format.

     TILE  tile image with a texture.

     VICAR read only.

     VID   Visual Image Directory.

     VIFF  Khoros Visualization image file.

     X     select image from X server screen.

     XC    constant image of X server color.  Specify the desired
           color as the filename.

     XBM   X11 bitmap file.

     XPM   X11 pixmap file.

     XWD   X Window System window dump image file.

     YUV   CCIR 601 4:1:1 file.

     YUV3  CCIR-601 4:1:1 files.

     Options are processed in command line order.  Any option you
     specify  on  the  command line remains in effect until it is
     explicitly changed by specifying the  option  again  with  a
     different effect.

     Change '-' to '+' in any option above to reverse its effect.
     For  example,  specify +matte to store the image without its
     matte channel.

     By default, the image format  is  determined  by  its  magic
     number.  To  specify  a particular image format, precede the
     filename with  an  image  format  name  and  a  colon  (i.e.
     ps:image)  or  specify the image type as the filename suffix
     (i.e. image.ps).  See DESCRIPTION for a list of  valid  for-
     mats.

     When you specify X as your image type, the filename has spe-
     cial  meaning.   It  specifies  an  X window by id, name, or
     root.  If no filename is specified, the window  is  selected
     by clicking the mouse in the desired window.

     Specify input_file as - for standard input, output_file as -
     for  standard output.  If input_file has the extension .Z or
     .gz, the file is  uncompressed  with  uncompress  or  gunzip
     respectively.   If  output_file has the extension .Z or .gz,
     the file size is compressed  using  with  compress  or  gzip
     respectively.   Finally,  precede the image file name with |
     to pipe to or from a system command.

     Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file name
     to  specify  a  desired subimage of a multi-resolution image
     format like Photo CD (e.g. img0001.pcd[4]).

     Single images are written with  the  filename  you  specify.
     However,  multi-part  images  (i.e.  a multi-page Postscript
     document) are written with the filename followed by a period
     (.)  and  the scene number.  You can change this behavior by
     embedding a printf format specification in  the  file  name.
     For example,
         image%02d.miff
     converts files image00.miff, image01.miff, etc.


EXAMPLES

     To convert a MIFF image of a cockatoo to a SUN raster image,
     use:

          convert cockatoo.miff sun:cockatoo.ras

     To convert a multi-page Postscript  document  to  individual
     FAX pages, use:

          convert -monochrome document.ps fax:page

     To convert a TIFF image to a Postscript  A4  page  with  the
     image in the lower left-hand corner, use:

          convert -page A4+0+0 image.tiff document.ps

     To convert a raw GRAY image to a portable graymap, use:

          convert -size 768x512 gray:raw image.pgm

     To convert a Photo CD image to a TIFF image, use:

          convert -size 1536x1024 img0009.pcd image.tiff
          convert img0009.pcd[4] image.tiff

     To create a visual image directory of all your JPEG  images,
     use:

          convert 'vid:*.jpg' directory.miff

     To annotate an image with blue  text  using  font  12x24  at
     position (100,100), use:

          convert -font 12x24 -pen blue -geometry +100+100 -anno-
     tate "Cockatoo" bird.jpg bird.miff

     To tile a 640x480 image with a JPEG texture with bumps use:

          convert -size 640x480 tile:bumps.jpg tiled.png

     To surround an icon with an ornamental border  to  use  with
     Mosaic(1), use:

          convert -mattecolor #ccc -frame 6x6 bird.jpg icon.png


OPTIONS

     -annotate string
          annotate an image with text.

          Use  this  option  to  annotate  an  image  with  text.
          Optionally  you  can  include the image filename, type,
          width, height, or scene  number  by  embedding  special
          format  characters.  Embed %f for filename, %m for mag-
          ick, %w for width, %h for height, %s for scene  number,
          or \n for newline.  For example,

               -annotate "%m:%f %wx%h"

          annotates the image with MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for  an
          image  titled  bird.miff  and  whose  width  is 512 and
          height is 480.

          If the first character of string is @, the text is read
          from  a  file titled by the remaining characters in the
          string.

          You can set the text position,  font,  and  font  color
          with  -geometry, -font, and -pen respectively.  Options
          are processed in command line order so be sure  to  use
          -geometry, -font, or -pen before the -annotate option.

     -blur factor
          blurs an image.  Specify factor as the percent enhance-
          ment (0.0 - 99.9%).

     -border <width>x<height>fP
          surround the image with a border or  color.   See  X(1)
          for details about the geometry specification.

          The color of the border is specified with the  -border-
          color command line option.

     -colors value
          preferred number of colors in the image.

          The actual number of colors in the image  may  be  less
          than  your  request,  but  never more.  Note, this is a
          color reduction option.  Images with less unique colors
          than  specified with this option will remain unchanged.
          Refer to quantize(9) for more details.

          Note,  options  -dither,  -colorspace,  and  -treedepth
          affect the color reduction algorithm.

     -colorspace value
          the type of colorspace: GRAY, OHTA,  RGB,  XYZ,  YCbCr,
          YIQ, YPbPr, or YUV.

          Color reduction, by default, takes  place  in  the  RGB
          color  space.   Empirical  evidence  suggests that dis-
          tances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspond to
          perceptual  color differences more closely than do dis-
          tances in RGB  space.   These  color  spaces  may  give
          better  results when color reducing an image.  Refer to
          quantize(9) for more details.

          The -colors or -monochrome option is required for  this
          option to take effect.

     -comment string
          annotate an image with a comment.

          By default, each image is commented with its file name.
          Use  this  option  to  assign a specific comment to the
          image.  Optionally you can include the image  filename,
          type,  width, height, or scene number by embedding spe-
          cial format characters.  Embed %f for filename, %m  for
          magick,  %w  for  width,  %h  for  height, %s for scene
          number, or \n for newline.  For example,

               -comment "%m:%f %wx%h"

          produces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for
          an  image  titled  bird.miff and whose width is 512 and
          height is 480.

          If the first character of string is @, the  image  com-
          ment  is read from a file titled by the remaining char-
          acters in the string.

     -compress type
          the type of image compression: QEncoded or RunlengthEn-
          coded.

          Specify +compress to  store  the  binary  image  in  an
          uncompressed  format.   The  default is the compression
          type of the specified image file.

     -contrast
          enhance or reduce the image contrast.

          This option enhances the intensity differences  between
          the  lighter  and  darker  elements  of the image.  Use
          -contrast to enhance the image or +contrast  to  reduce
          the image contrast.

     -crop <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
          preferred size and location of the cropped image.   See
          X(1) for details about the geometry specification.

          To specify a percentage width or height instead, append
          %.  For example to crop the image by ten percent on all
          sides of the image, use -crop 10%.

          Use cropping to crop a particular  area  of  an  image.
          Use  -crop  0x0 to remove edges that are the background
          color.

     -density <width>x<height>
          vertical and horizontal resolution  in  pixels  of  the
          image.

          This option specifies an image density when decoding  a
          Postscript  or  Portable Document page.  The default is
          72 pixels per  inch  in  the  horizontal  and  vertical
          direction.

     -despeckle
          reduce the speckles within an image.

     -display host:display[.screen]
          specifies the X server to contact; see X(1).

     -dither
          apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image.

          The basic strategy of dithering is to  trade  intensity
          resolution  for  spatial  resolution  by  averaging the
          intensities  of  several  neighboring  pixels.   Images
          which  suffer  from  severe  contouring  when  reducing
          colors can be improved with this option.

          The -colors option is required for  dithering  to  take
          effect.

     -edge
          detect edges with an image.

     -emboss
          emboss the image.

     -enhance
          apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image.

     -equalize
          perform histogram equalization to the image.

     -flip
          create a "mirror image" by reflecting the  image  scan-
          lines in the vertical direction.

     -flop
          create a "mirror image" by reflecting the  image  scan-
          lines in the horizontal direction.

     -font name
          This option specifies the font to be used for  display-
          ing normal text.  The default is fixed.

     -frame <width>x<height>fP
          surround the image with an an ornamental  border.   See
          X(1) for details about the geometry specification.

          The color of the border is  specified  with  the  -mat-
          tecolor command line option.

     -gamma value
          level of gamma correction.

          The same color image displayed on two different  works-
          tations  may  look  different due to differences in the
          display monitor.  Use gamma correction  to  adjust  for
          this  color  difference.  Reasonable values extend from
          0.8 to 2.3.

          You can apply separate gamma values to the red,  green,
          and  blue channels of the image with a gamma value list
          delineated with commas (i.e. 1.7,2.3,1.2).

     -geometry <width>{%}x<height>{%}{!}
          preferred size or location of the image when encoding.

          By default, the width and height  are  maximum  values.
          That is, the image is expanded or contracted to fit the
          width and height value  while  maintaining  the  aspect
          ratio of the image.  Append an exclamation point to the
          geometry to force the image size to  exactly  the  size
          you  specify.  For example, if you specify 640x480! the
          image width is set to 640 pixels and height to 480.  If
          only one factor is specified, both the width and height
          assume the value.

          To specify a percentage width or height instead, append
          %.   The  image  size  is  multiplied  by the width and
          height percentages to obtain  the  final  image  dimen-
          sions.   To  increase the size of an image, use a value
          greater than 100 (e.g. 125%).  To decrease  an  image's
          size, use a percentage less than 100.

          There are 72 pixels per inch in Postscript coordinates.

     -interlace type
          the type of interlacing scheme: NONE, LINE, or PLANE.

          This option is used to specify the type of  interlacing
          scheme  for raw image formats such as RGB or YUV.  NONE
          means do not  interlace  (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...),  LINE
          uses                scanline                interlacing
          (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and PLANE  uses
          plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).

          Use LINE, or PLANE to create an interlaced  GIF  image.
          -label name assign a label to an image.

          Use this option to  assign  a  specific  label  to  the
          image.   Optionally you can include the image filename,
          type, width, height, or scene number in  the  label  by
          embedding  special  format  characters.    Embed %f for
          filename, %m for magick, %w for width, %h  for  height,
          or %s for scene number.  For example,
               -label "%m:%f %wx%h"
          produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff  512x480  for
          an  image  titled  bird.miff and whose width is 512 and
          height is 480.

          If the first character of string is @, the image  label
          is  read from a file titled by the remaining characters
          in the string.

          When converting  to  Postscript,  use  this  option  to
          specify a header string to print above the image.

     -map filename
          choose a particular set of colors from this image.

          By default, color reduction chooses an optimal  set  of
          colors  that best represent the original image.  Alter-
          natively, you can choose a  particular  set  of  colors
          with this option.

     -matte
          store matte channel if the image has one.

     -modulate value
          vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image.

          Specify the percent change  in  brightness,  the  color
          saturation, and the color hue separated by commas.  For
          example, to increase the color brightness  by  20%  and
          decrease  the color saturation by 10% and leave the hue
          unchanged, use: -modulate 20,-10.

     -monochrome
          transform the image to black and white.

     -negate
          apply color inversion to image.

          The red, green, and blue intensities of  an  image  are
          negated.

     -noise
          reduce  the  noise  in  an  image  with  a  noise  peak
          elimination filter.

          The principal function of noise peak elimination filter
          is to smooth the objects within an image without losing
          edge information and without creating undesired  struc-
          tures.  The central idea of the algorithm is to replace
          a pixel with its next neighbor in value within a 3 x  3
          window,  if  this  pixel has been found to be noise.  A
          pixel is defined as noise if and only if this pixel  is
          a maximum or minimum within the 3 x 3 window.

     -normalize
          transform image to span the full range of color values.

          This is a contrast enhancement technique.

     -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
          preferred size and location of the Postscript page.

          Use this  option  to  specify  the  dimensions  of  the
          Postscript  page  in  pixels per inch or a TEXT page in
          pixels.  The default for a Postscript page is to center
          the  image on a letter page 612 by 792 pixels. The mar-
          gins are  1/2"  (i.e.   612x792+36+36).   Other  common
          sizes are:

              Letter      612x 792
              Tabloid     792x1224
              Ledger     1224x 792
              Legal       612x1008
              Statement   396x 612
              Executive   540x 720
              A3          842x1190
              A4          595x 842
              A5          420x 595
              B4          729x1032
              B5          516x 729
              Folio       612x 936
              Quarto      610x 780
              10x14       720x1008

          For convenience you can specify the page size by  media
          (e.g.  A4, Ledger, etc.).

          The page geometry is relative to the vertical and  hor-
          izontal  density  of the Postscript page.  See -density
          for details.

          To place a Postscript image with  a  given  size  on  a
          given  location  on  a page, use -page +HOFFSET+VOFFSET
          -geometry WIDTHxHEIGHT (fill in numbers). Note: this is
          only for generating ps, not eps.
          The  default  page  dimensions  for  a  TEXT  image  is
          612x792.

     -paint
          paint the image.

     -pen color
          set the color of the font.  See -annotate  for  further
          details.

          See X(1) for details about the color specification.

     -quality value
          JPEG quality setting.

          Quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The default is 85.

     -roll {+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
          roll an image vertically or horizontally.  See X(1) for
          details about the geometry specification.

          A negative x offset rolls the image  left-to-right.   A
          negative y offset rolls the image top-to-bottom.

     -rotate degrees
          apply Paeth image rotation to the image.

          Empty triangles left over from rotating the  image  are
          filled  with  the  color  defined as bordercolor (class
          borderColor).  See X(1) for details.

     -sample geometry
          scale image with pixel sampling.

     -scene value
          image scene number.

     -sharpen weight
          sharpen  an  image.   Specify  factor  as  the  percent
          enhancement (0.0 - 99.9%).

     -shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
          shear the image along the X or Y axis by a positive  or
          negative shear angle.

          Shearing slides one edge of an image along the X  or  Y
          axis,  creating  a parallelogram.  An X direction shear
          slides an edge along the X axis, while  a  Y  direction
          shear  slides  an edge along the Y axis.  The amount of
          the shear is controlled by a shear angle.  For X direc-
          tion  shears,  x  degrees is measured relative to the Y
          axis, and similarly, for Y direction shears  y  degrees
          is measured relative to the X axis.

          Empty triangles left over from shearing the  image  are
          filled  with  the  color  defined as bordercolor (class
          borderColor).  See X(1) for details.

     -size <width>{%}x<height>
          width and height of the image.

          Use this option to specify the width and height of  raw
          images  whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY, RGB,
          or CMYK.  In addition to width and height, use -size to
          tell  the  number  of colors in a MAP image file, (e.g.
          -size 640x512+256).

          For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:

             192x128
             384x256
             768x512
            1536x1024
            3072x2048

     -transparency color
          make this color transparent within the image.

     -treedepth value
          Normally, this integer value is zero or one.  A zero or
          one  tells  convert  to choose a optimal tree depth for
          the color reduction algorithm.

          An optimal depth generally allows the best  representa-
          tion of the source image with the fastest computational
          speed and the least amount  of  memory.   However,  the
          default  depth  is  inappropriate  for some images.  To
          assure the best representation, try  values  between  2
          and  8  for  this  parameter.  Refer to quantize(9) for
          more details.

          The -colors option is required for this option to  take
          effect.

     -undercolor <undercolor factor>x<black-generation factor>
          control undercolor removal and black generation on CMYK
          images.

          This option enables you to perform  undercolor  removal
          and  black  generation  on  CMYK  images-- images to be
          printed on a four-color printing system. You  can  con-
          trol  how much cyan, magenta, and yellow to remove from
          your image and how much black to add to it.  The  stan-
          dard  undercolor removal is 1.0x1.0.  You'll frequently
          get better results, though, if the percentage of  black
          you  add to your image is slightly higher than the per-
          centage of C, M, and Y you remove from it.  For example
          you might try 0.5x0.7.

     -verbose
          print detailed information about the image.

          This information is printed: image scene number;  image
          name;   converted  image  name;  image size;  the image
          class (DirectClass or PseudoClass);  the  total  number
          of  unique  colors;   and the number of seconds to read
          and convert the image.


ENVIRONMENT

     DISPLAY
          To get the default host, display number, and screen.


SEE ALSO

     display(1), animate(1), import(1),  montage(1),  mogrify(1),
     segment(1), combine(1), xtp(1)


COPYRIGHT

     Copyright 1995 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company

     Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and  sell  this
     software  and  its  documentation  for any purpose is hereby
     granted without  fee,  provided  that  the  above  copyright
     notice  appear  in  all  copies and that both that copyright
     notice and this permission notice appear in supporting docu-
     mentation, and that the name of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and
     Company not be used in advertising or  publicity  pertaining
     to  distribution  of  the software without specific, written
     prior permission.  E. I. du  Pont  de  Nemours  and  Company
     makes  no  representations  about  the  suitability  of this
     software for any purpose.  It is provided  "as  is"  without
     express or implied warranty.

     E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company disclaims  all  warran-
     ties  with  regard  to  this software, including all implied
     warranties of merchantability and fitness, in no event shall
     E.  I. du Pont de Nemours and Company be liable for any spe-
     cial, indirect or consequential damages or any damages what-
     soever  resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether
     in an action  of  contract,  negligence  or  other  tortuous
     action, arising out of or in connection with the use or per-
     formance of this software.


AUTHORS

     John Cristy, E.I. du Pont  De  Nemours  and  Company  Incor-
     porated





















































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